Related Publications

Plants (Basel). 2025 Jun 12;14(12):1799. doi: 10.3390/plants14121799.

ABSTRACT

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) continuous cropping reduces yield and quality, but the effects of specific rotation methods on yield and endophytic bacterial colonization remain unclear. Based on five years of continuous cropping trial data, three different cropping systems (WF, annual summer peanut and winter fallow; GM, annual summer peanut and winter ryegrass; CR, summer peanut rotated with summer maize and winter wheat) were employed in this study to systematically analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of crop rotation in mitigating peanut continuous cropping obstacles and its underlying mechanisms. The results showed that CR increased pod yield by 33% and kernel nitrogen content by 6.8% compared to WF, while GM had a marginal effect (1.4% nitrogen increase). Microbial analysis (LEfSe/LDA) revealed that CR enriched beneficial bacteria (e.g., Actinobacteria, Corynebacteriales) in pods while suppressing potential pathogens (e.g., Gammaproteobacteria, Burkholderiales). These findings demonstrate that strategic crop rotation, particularly CR, mitigates continuous cropping obstacles by enhancing yield, improving kernel quality, and promoting beneficial endophytic bacterial communities. Our findings highlight the complexity of crop rotation system functioning and how interactions between cropping patterns and endophytic microbiota affect peanut yield and kernel quality.

PMID:40573787 | PMC:PMC12196863 | DOI:10.3390/plants14121799

Plants (Basel). 2025 Jun 6;14(12):1741. doi: 10.3390/plants14121741.

ABSTRACT

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), a vital oilseed and cash crop, faces yield limitations due to abiotic stresses. The 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) enzyme, a key enzyme in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis regulating plant development and stress responses, remains mechanistically uncharacterized in peanut abiotic stress tolerance. In this study, we isolated a novel gene, AhNCED4, from the salt-tolerant mutant M24. The expression of AhNCED4 was strongly induced by NaCl, PEG6000, and ABA in peanut huayu20. Overexpression of AhNCED4 enhanced salt and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. Transgenic overexpression of AhNCED4 improved salt and stress resistance through upregulated ROS-scavenging genes superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) with elevated enzymatic activities while reducing malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide anion (O^2-), and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) accumulation compared to wild-type plants. Further research showed that the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of transgenic lines were significantly increased, while light damage was significantly reduced. These findings establish AhNCED4 as a critical regulator of stress adaptation and an excellent candidate gene for resistance breeding in peanut.

PMID:40573729 | PMC:PMC12196902 | DOI:10.3390/plants14121741

J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2025 Jun 24:S0091-6749(25)00621-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2025.05.026. Online ahead of print.

NO ABSTRACT

PMID:40560104 | DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2025.05.026

Food Sci Nutr. 2025 Jun 19;13(6):e70457. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.70457. eCollection 2025 Jun.

ABSTRACT

Peanut shells, a by-product of the peanut processing industry, are rich in flavonoid compounds with a range of bioactivities. This study aimed to develop an efficient extraction and fractionation process to enhance the recovery and in vitro antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition activities of these compounds from peanut shells cultivated in Vietnam. Peanut shell samples were subjected to maceration with ethanol, followed by liquid-liquid partitioning (LLP) and column chromatography (CC) using a hexane and ethyl acetate solvent system at varying ratios. This process yielded a crude ethanolic extract (CEE) and its fractions: chloroform (CHF), petroleum ether (PEF), ethyl acetate (EAF), acetone (ACF), and eluted fractions (F1-F4). The developed extraction and fractionation significantly enhanced the total flavonoid content (TFC), from 65.49 mg QE/g in CEE to 759.80 mg QE/g in fraction F2, and quercetin content from 13.46 μg/g (CEE) to 292.38 μg/g (fraction F2). The CEE and its fractions were evaluated for antioxidant activity using a DPPH radical scavenging and AChE inhibitory activity. A strong positive correlation was observed between the TFC and both bioactivities, with activity ranked as follows: F2 > EAF > F3 > F1 > F4 > CHF > PEF > CEE > ACF. Among these samples, fraction F2 demonstrated the highest bioactivities, with IC₅₀ values of 16.00 μg/mL for DPPH scavenging and 47.22 μg/mL for AChE inhibition. These findings suggest that the developed systematic extraction and fractionation process, employing maceration, LLP, and gradient elution CC, is a promising method for the efficient isolation of flavonoid-enriched fractions from peanut shells, with the resulting fractions exhibiting both antioxidant and AChE inhibitory activities.

PMID:40548191 | PMC:PMC12178947 | DOI:10.1002/fsn3.70457

J Food Sci Technol. 2025 Jul;62(7):1240-1249. doi: 10.1007/s13197-024-06082-1. Epub 2024 Sep 19.

ABSTRACT

Growing interest in product development with specific alternative ingredients by partial replacement paved the way. The study aims to optimize and develop the nutrient-rich khoa by partial replacement with sunflower seed milk and groundnut milk and evaluate the biochemical, physicochemical, specific properties and sensory of the product. The optimized ratio is 50% whole milk, 30% sunflower seed milk, 20% groundnut milk. The biochemical composition (g/100 g) of plant-based milk khoa is 21 ± 0.5 carbohydrate, 14 ± 0.9 crude protein, 12 ± 0.7 crude fat, 2.66 ± 0.8 total ash, 0.34 ± 0.8 crude fibre 50 ± 0.8 moisture and 0.432 ± 0.7 FFA %. Incorporation shows higher antioxidant activity and acidity with decreased pH. Partial replacement of sunflower seed and groundnut extracts at different levels had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the colour values of khoa, texture profile analysis shows no significant difference (p > 0.05). one of the positive findings: fatty acid profile (g/100 g)- 5.07 monounsaturated fatty acids, 4.29 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 4.89 saturated fatty acids and trans fat is below the level of quantification. FTIR, SEM, and GC-MS are analyzed. The khoa is stored under refrigerated conditions (5 ± 2℃) to maintain its sensory (9-point hedonic scale) and physicochemical characteristics.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-024-06082-1.

PMID:40538954 | PMC:PMC12174028 | DOI:10.1007/s13197-024-06082-1

Food Chem. 2025 Jun 16;490:145156. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.145156. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Nonthermal plasma (NTP) is a promising food processing technology that enhances food safety and quality while preserving nutrition. This study used a novel quasi-targeted metabolomics approach to analyze NTP's effects on peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) under three treatment conditions (90, 270, 450 s at 160 kV, 150 Hz) and a control. The quasi-targeted method combines the strengths of targeted and untargeted metabolomics, offering high throughput, extensive coverage, and increased sensitivity. Of 1175 identified metabolites, 247 were significantly altered (135 upregulated, 112 downregulated). Key findings include upregulation of antioxidants like ascorbic acid (+23 %) and naringenin (+18 %) and markers of lipid peroxidation such as malondialdehyde (+42 %) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (+30 %), indicating oxidative stress. Notably, Sulfur-containing amino acids, such as L-cysteine (+15 %) and homocysteine (+18 %), emerged as novel biomarkers for NTP-induced oxidative stress. Moderate treatment (270 s) enhanced antioxidant levels and maintained membrane integrity, whereas prolonged exposure (450 s) caused excessive oxidative stress, leading to nutrient degradation and protein oxidation. PCA and pathway analysis revealed changes in energy metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and secondary metabolites. These findings underscore NTP's potential to enhance peanut nutritional quality and shelf life, but the treatment must be optimized to balance its benefits with oxidative damage. Additionally, this study introduces sulfur-containing amino acids as innovative biomarkers for oxidative stress, offering new directions for monitoring NTP treatment effects and guiding industrial applications.

PMID:40532346 | DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.145156

Biotechnol Lett. 2025 Jun 17;47(4):64. doi: 10.1007/s10529-025-03606-3.

ABSTRACT

The fungal contaminated crops or post-harvest products are unfit for consumption, hazardous to human health and threat to food safety. Soil borne phytopathogenic microbes cause severe yield losses at various stages and contribute to 40-50% crop mortality. Post-harvest fungal deterioration during storage is frequently observed primarily because of high oil content. At present, chemical disinfectants and agrichemicals are extensively used to control seed contaminating fungal infection as seed priming agent and/or post-harvest storage protectants. However, application of synthetic fungicides requires experimental evaluation of several parameters and raised serious concerns about emergence of fungicide resistance. On this streak, natural anti-microbial agents such as microbial secondary metabolites are preferred as eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative for seed protection. For this purpose, the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics such as 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol can warrant potential benefit for seed priming over chemical fungicides. In the present study, it showed maximum inhibitory activity against aflatoxin producing Aspergillus flavus as well as other phytopathogenic fungi viz. Ustilago maydis, Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Colletotrichum circinans and Colletotrichum dematium. It was therefore explored for seed priming of groundnut for repressed proliferation of mycotoxin producing A. flavus. Under pot experiments, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol primed seeds showed long-term post-harvest preservation, enhanced seed germination and growth indices as compared to methanol primed and non-primed seeds. 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol priming is therefore, proposed as a low-cost, dual-benefit seed storage protectant for control of post-harvest fungal deterioration of oilseeds as well as a phytostimulant for enhanced plant growth in field after long-term storage.

PMID:40528114 | DOI:10.1007/s10529-025-03606-3

Theor Appl Genet. 2025 Jun 17;138(7):154. doi: 10.1007/s00122-025-04939-3.

ABSTRACT

Three environmentally stable major QTL controlling seed oil content in peanut were identified, and their genetic effects were evaluated in near‑isogenic lines and a peanut germplasm panel. Increasing seed oil content (SOC) is a primary objective in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) breeding, meeting the rising global demand for edible oil. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping can help to identify genes underlying SOC variation and develop markers to enhance selection efficiency by marker-assisted breeding. In the present study, three major and stable QTL for SOC were identified on peanut chromosome Arahy.08, using a bulked segregant analysis (BSA) approach based on whole-genome sequencing of F₈ recombinant inbred lines (RILs). The QTL qSOCA08-1, explaining 11.41-20.97% of phenotypic variation, was mapped on a 0.65-Mb genomic region. The QTL qSOCA08-2, accounting 25.57-39.40% of phenotypic variation, was located on a 1.04-Mb physical interval. Finally, qSOCA08-3 explaining up to 17.31% of the phenotypic variation was mapped in a genomic region of 1.02-Mb. The genetic effects of these three QTL were assessed using near‑isogenic lines (NILs), derived from residual heterozygous individuals, and a tetraploid peanut germplasm panel. Potential candidate genes within the physical intervals of corresponding major QTL were predicted to participate in the oil biosynthesis in peanut. In summary, our study provides valuable genetic resources and tightly linked molecular markers for peanut molecular breeding aimed at improving SOC.

PMID:40528052 | DOI:10.1007/s00122-025-04939-3

Plant Physiol. 2025 Jun 13:kiaf254. doi: 10.1093/plphys/kiaf254. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Polyploidization is a crucial evolutionary mechanism driving species domestication that promotes species formation and adaptation by providing additional genetic information to accelerate the functional differentiation of genes and evolution of new traits. Despite its importance as a key epigenetic modification, the role of DNA methylation in polyploid domestication through the regulation of gene expression remains unclear. Here, we performed whole genome bisulfite sequencing and RNA-seq analysis on the cultivated allotetraploid peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and its two ancestral diploids to investigate the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of DNA methylation in the formation of peanut polyploids and in peanut domestication. Our findings unveiled substantial differences in DNA methylation between peanut subgenomes, particularly in non-CG contexts. Specifically, CHG methylation is a key factor regulating the expression bias of homoeologs and dominant subgenome expression, as well as stress-responsive gene expression. Additionally, CHH methylation plays a role in peanut seed development by regulating genes associated with fatty acid biosynthesis and lipid metabolism. In conclusion, our study provides a vital theoretical foundation and perspective on the epigenetics underlying cultivated peanut domestication, especially related to the formation of agronomic traits.

PMID:40513103 | DOI:10.1093/plphys/kiaf254

Mikrochim Acta. 2025 Jun 13;192(7):425. doi: 10.1007/s00604-025-07275-x.

ABSTRACT

Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) is the most dangerous mycotoxin found so far; it can cause serious pollution and economic losses to agricultural products, and also cause harm to human health due to its toxicity. Therefore, it is essential to realize improved detection of AFB₁ with high sensitivity and excellent selectivity. Herein, phenyl carbon nitride (Ph-CN) was prepared by thermal polymerization. Compared with carbon nitride (CN), Ph-CN has higher electrochemiluminescence (ECL) intensity and stability. In a lower concentration of potassium persulfate (K₂S₂O₈) solution, Ph-CN can show high ECL intensity and stability, while avoiding the oxidative damage caused by high concentration of co-reactive reagents on biomolecules. An ECL biosensor platform based on Ph-CN was proposed to monitor AFB₁ in peanut and its products. In the presence of the target AFB₁, the aptamer binds to the target and reduces the ECL signal. The aptasensor can sensitively detect AFB₁ in the linear range 100 fg mL^-1-100 ng mL^-1, with detection limits as low as 25 fg mL^-1. The assay showed good specificity for AFB1 due to the application of AFB1 aptamers, which makes it a potential application prospect in complex solutions.

PMID:40512398 | DOI:10.1007/s00604-025-07275-x

Plants (Basel). 2025 May 24;14(11):1601. doi: 10.3390/plants14111601.

ABSTRACT

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important oilseeds crops worldwide. Through symbiosis with the bacterium Bradyrhizobium sp., peanuts can assimilate atmospheric nitrogen, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers. However, this nitrogen fixation process is highly sensitive to environmental factors that can inhibit the early stages of symbiotic interaction. In this study, we propose the encapsulation of Bradyrhizobium sp. SEMIA6144 and the flavonoid naringin (Nar) in alginate beads to improve flavonoid stability and promote nodulation kinetics in peanuts. Three types of beads were synthesized: A (control, SEMIA6144 only); B (SEMIA6144 induced with 10 µM Nar); and C (SEMIA6144 co-entrapped with 1 mM Nar). Although Nar increased cell mortality (2-fold compared to control) and reduced metabolic activity-particularly at 1 mM-cells in beads B and C responded by altering their membrane fatty acid profile (30% and 55.5% of 18:1, respectively) leading to a reduction in saturated fatty acids (5.8% and 13.1% for 16:0 and 18:0 in B; 11.8% and 21.2% in C). Bacterial release kinetics followed a primarily Fickian diffusion model, with minor matrix-bacteria interactions in Nar-treated beads. Notably, bacterial release in peanut root exudates was 6%, 10%, and 11% higher for beads A, B, and C, respectively, compared to release in physiological solutions. Nar-beads enhanced the formation of curved root hairs, promoted bacterial colonization in root hair zones, and stimulated the appearance of rosette-like structures associated with nodule initiation. In conclusion, encapsulating Bradyrhizobium sp. SEMIA6144 with Nar in beads represents a promising strategy to improve symbiotic nitrogen fixation in peanuts.

PMID:40508277 | PMC:PMC12157708 | DOI:10.3390/plants14111601

Microb Ecol. 2025 Jun 12;88(1):65. doi: 10.1007/s00248-025-02547-8.

ABSTRACT

Henan province is a major peanut-producing area in China, but research on rhizobia nodulating peanut have been limited to southern Henan, which accounts for only less than half of the province. A collection of 212 strains of peanut rhizobia was obtained from six field sites in eastern, central, and northern Henan, Central China, by using peanut as a trap host under glasshouse conditions. PCR-RFLP analysis of ribosomal IGS sequences classified the 212 strains into 28 distinct types. Phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA, atpD, gyrB, dnaK, and rpoB genes from 30 representative strains of the 28 IGS types identified revealed the presence of Bradyrhizobium. liaoningense, B. yuanmingense, B. zhengyangense, and two novel Bradyrhizobium genospecies. This composition differs from the peanut rhizobia community found in southern Henan. B. liaoningense was the dominant species, covering 49% of the total isolates across the field sites, while B. zhengyangense accounting for 27%, B. yuanmingense for 7% and the two novel Bradyrhizobium genospecies for 17%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the symbiosis-related nodC and nifH gene sequences clustered into six groups: three associated exclusively with the peanut host (symbiovar arachidis and two unnamed group), three originating from other legume hosts (sv. glycinearum, cajani and retamae). Through the principal component analysis (PCA) between IGS types or species and soil physicochemical properties and environmental factors, it showed that IGS types 1, 3, 5, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 18, and 21 positively correlated with AveTmax, AveTmin, AN and AP. IGS types 4, 11, 16, 17, 20, 25, and 26 were positively associated with Alt, AvePrecp, and pH. IGS types 2, 7, 10, 22, 24, and 27 correlated with AP, while remaining types exhibited correlations with OM. In addition, B. yuanmingense, B. liaoningense, and Bradyrhizobium genosp. I positively affected by AveTmax, AP, AN, and AK. Bradyrhizobium genosp. II positively correlated with AK, AN, and OM while B. zhengyangense mainly affected by AvePrecp and pH. The alkaline soil pH in this study differs greatly from the acid soils in southern Henan, explaining the inconsistency between the species of peanut rhizobia detected in southern Henan and the rest of the province. The symbiotic effect assay demonstrated that all representative strains successfully formed nodules and exhibited a significant increase in symbiotic efficiency. Representative strains revealed diverse abiotic stress tolerance to NaCl, acidity, alkalinity, temperature and drought. It conducted a comprehensive collection of peanut rhizobia in eastern, central, and northern Henan province, identifying two putative novel Bradyrhizobium species and isolating rhizobial strains with high symbiotic efficiency and robust stress tolerance. This study is a necessary basic for the producing and application of peanut rhizobial inoculant in this main agricultural province.

PMID:40504377 | PMC:PMC12162716 | DOI:10.1007/s00248-025-02547-8

Sci Transl Med. 2025 Jun 11;17(802):eadw4148. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adw4148. Epub 2025 Jun 11.

ABSTRACT

Humans develop immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to the foods they consume. In the context of food allergy, allergen-specific IgG antibodies can sequentially class-switch to pathogenic IgE. However, the mechanism underlying the antigenicity of food proteins remains uncharacterized. Here, we identified convergent antibodies arising from different antibody gene rearrangements that bind to the immunodominant peanut allergen Ara h 2 and characterized allelic and junctional constraints on germline antibody specificity. Structurally, we found similar epitope-paratope interactions across multiple gene rearrangements. We demonstrate that these germline-encoded epitope-specific convergent antibodies to peanut occur commonly in the population because of the worldwide prevalence of the relevant gene rearrangements, allelic independence, and junctional malleability. As a result, serum IgG to this public epitope is prevalent among diverse cohorts of nonallergic peanut-consuming infants and peanut-allergic children and adults. This work demonstrates that IgG recognition of dietary antigens can be intrinsically programmed by the germline antibody repertoire.

PMID:40498852 | DOI:10.1126/scitranslmed.adw4148

Theor Appl Genet. 2025 Jun 11;138(7):144. doi: 10.1007/s00122-025-04923-x.

ABSTRACT

A candidate gene exhibiting pleiotropic effect on twelve different seed size and weight traits was identified through a combination of evidence from population genetic selection, GWAS, earlier QTL studies, transcriptome analysis, and transgenic analyses. Peanut is an important oilseed crop. Seed weight and size significantly impact yield, leading to the identification of numerous QTLs associated with these traits. However, due to the complexity of the genetic basis of these traits in peanut, still lots of work awaits to be done. Here, we conducted whole-genome resequencing of 183 peanut germplasms with abundant genetic variation. Subsequently, GWAS analysis was performed to investigate 12 traits related to seed size and weight, identifying two peak SNP clusters located on chromosome 6 and 16 that showed potential pleiotropic effects. We calculated XP-CLR scores across the genome, compared nucleotide diversity levels between modern improved cultivars and landraces, and identified 24 selective sweep regions. A significant majority (~ 83%) of these regions were primarily located on Arahy.16. Candidate regions on Arahy.16 have also been frequently identified in previous seed studies. The presence of all evidence prompted us to conduct a more extensive investigation of Arahy.16. Within the candidate genes located in the peak SNP cluster on Arahy.16, our transcriptome analysis revealed that 36 of them, including a highly promising candidate gene encoding a flavin-binding monooxygenase family protein (FMO), exhibited differential expression between small- and big-seed. Functional analysis revealed that Arabidopsis plants with an overexpressed FMO allele exhibited a significant increase in seed size and weight. In summary, the results could help the peanut researchers to gain a better understanding of the genetic basis of seed traits and may hold significant potential for future cultivar improvement.

PMID:40494995 | DOI:10.1007/s00122-025-04923-x

Carbohydr Polym. 2025 Sep 15;364:123790. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123790. Epub 2025 May 22.

ABSTRACT

Phytopathogenic fungi jeopardize global food security, fueling reliance on synthetic fungicides with severe ecological impacts. Avoiding these chemicals risks a food crisis, highlighting the need for sustainable alternatives. Cinnamaldehyde (CA) is a natural but chemically unstable fungicide, hence requiring stabilization through effective immobilization. This study presents a biodegradable and sustainable alternative to synthetic anchoring materials: spent-mushroom-substrate-derived cellulose. CA immobilized cellulose was coated with chitosan which further enhanced the antifungal potential and contributed to slow release of CA. Cellulose extraction and CA encapsulation were successfully confirmed through analytical characterization. The resulting product (CeCACs) proved a promising fungicide, inhibiting key phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger at 46. 8 μg/mL and Fusarium solani at 93.7 μg/mL concentration. The obtained minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values were significantly lower than commercial fungicide, tebuconazole (TB). The fungicidal mechanism involved reactive oxygen species accumulation, plasma membrane damage, and apoptosis-like cell death. Using CeCACs as a peanut seed coating enhanced seedling growth and enriched beneficial endophytic bacteria, while CeCACs fumigation effectively eradicated Fusarium oxysporum from peanut and passion fruit surfaces. This study emphasizes converting agri-waste into a green fungicide, supporting sustainable and regenerative agriculture.

PMID:40484607 | DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123790

Sci Rep. 2025 Jun 5;15(1):19835. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-05176-w.

ABSTRACT

Bradyrhizobium sp. DOA9 can nodulate a wide spectrum of legumes; however, unlike other bradyrhizobia, DOA9 carries a symbiotic plasmid harboring type III secretion system (T3SS) and several effector (T3E) genes, one of which encodes a putative type III effector SkP48. Here, we demonstrated the pivotal roles of SkP48 from Bradyrhizobium sp. DOA9 in inhibiting nodulation of various Vigna species and Crotalaria juncea and suppressing nodulation efficiency of Arachis hypogaea. By contrast, the nodulation efficiency of a SkP48 mutant did not differ significantly with the DOA9 wild-type strain on Macroptilium atropurpureum and Stylosanthes hamata. The SUMO domain of SkP48 is primarily responsible for the blocking nodulation phenotype V. radiata. An evolutionary analysis revealed that the SkP48 which contains a shikimate kinase and a SUMO protease (C48 cysteine peptidase) domain, SkP48 is distinct from other effectors previously reported in other bradyrhizobia and pathogenic bacteria. Our findings suggest that the putative T3E SkP48 is a key factor suppressing nodulation and nodule organogenesis in several legumes by activation of effector-triggered immunity through salicylic acid biosynthesis induction, which is deleterious to rhizobial infection. In addition, nodulation may be modulated by the function of defensins involved in jasmonic acid signalling in V. radiata SUT1.

PMID:40473746 | PMC:PMC12141436 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-05176-w

Environ Pollut. 2025 Sep 15;381:126618. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126618. Epub 2025 Jun 3.

ABSTRACT

In China, the co-contamination of soil with cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) is one of the most severe forms of combined pollution. Modeling the transfer of Cd and As from co-contaminated soil to crops has not been thoroughly studied. In this study, five soils with significant differences in physicochemical properties were selected to simulate the compound pollution conditions by exogenously adding Cd and As, and the bioaccumulation and translocation behaviors of these two elements were thoroughly investigated. The study used machine learning methods and stepwise linear regression to establish prediction models for the accumulation of Cd and As in peanut plants. The safety thresholds of Cd and As in soil based on food quality standards were then derived. The results demonstrated that peanuts exhibited significantly higher Cd accumulation capacity compared to As, with bioconcentration factors (BCFs) ranging from 0.77 to 36.55 for Cd and 0.006 to 0.449 for As. Cd was mainly translocated to peanut shoots and concentrated aboveground, while As was mainly accumulated in roots. Compared to single Cd contamination, the presence of As increased Cd concentrations in roots, shoots, shells, and kernels by up to 87.5 %, 71.3 %, 120.2 %, and 48.9 %, respectively. Conversely, the presence of Cd reduced As content in roots, shells, and kernels by up to 38.3 %, 45.5 %, and 38.1 %. Using the XGBoost and stepwise linear regression models, key factors influencing the accumulation of Cd and As in plants were identified. Additionally, corresponding regression prediction equations were developed, which explained over 0.66 of the variance in metal accumulation in peanut parts. Our derived soil safety thresholds suggest that contaminant concentrations should be more tightly controlled to reduce health risks in case of mixed contamination. This study provides new insights into soil contamination management and contributes to developing more effective contamination control strategies for co-contaminated soils.

PMID:40472878 | DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126618

Food Res Int. 2025 Aug;214:116623. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2025.116623. Epub 2025 May 16.

ABSTRACT

Peanut is an important raw material of many kinds of food, its lipids and proteins content are high, antioxidant is important to the shelf life and quality of peanut products. The present study investigated the effects of rosemary extract (RE), tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), and citric acid (CA) as individual additives, as well as their combinations (RE-TBHQ and RE-TBHQ-CA) on the quality characteristics and antioxidant properties of peanuts. All antioxidant treatment methods modified the physicochemical properties and bioactive compounds of peanuts, including flavor, color, texture and appearance. Additionally, the synergistic effects of the combined antioxidants RE-TBHQ-CA were explored. Notably, RE-TBHQ-CA with a concentration of 0.02 % resulted in highest oxidation induction index of peanut oil compared to the control and demonstrated optimal effects on free radical scavenging activity. Based on fluorescence quenching, cyclic voltammetry measurements, and the oxidative decomposition of antioxidants during storage, it was proposed that TBHQ's stimulatory effect on RE regeneration is responsible for the observed synergism. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing processing and preservation technologies for peanuts and their products.

PMID:40467212 | DOI:10.1016/j.foodres.2025.116623

BMC Genomics. 2025 Jun 3;26(1):556. doi: 10.1186/s12864-025-11739-y.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) is a complex process regulated by numerous genes extensively studied in legumes that undergo intracellular infection, such as Lotus japonicus, Medicago truncatula, and Glycine max. However, the molecular and genetic mechanisms of SNF in legumes that rely on the intercellular infection pathway, such as peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), remain poorly understood. In a previous study, we identified two chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs), 12CS_051 and 12CS_044, each contains a wild segment on homeologous regions of chromosomes A02 and B02 respectively, that are severely impaired in nitrogen fixation. In this study, we have compared the transcriptomes of those lines with that of their recurrent parent, Fleur11, in roots inoculated with the effective Bradyrhizobium vignae strain ISRA400 to identify candidate genes associated with the reduced nitrogen fixation observed in these CSSLs.

RESULTS: A comparative analysis of the transcriptome profiles of the CSSLs and Fleur11 revealed significant changes in the expression of genes involved in plant immune signaling and key symbiotic genes, such as NIN, EFD, FEN1 or SNF-related transporters. These results align with the phenotypic differences observed during the symbiotic process in the CSSLs. When focusing on each QTL region, we found that only the orthologs of the symbiotic gene FEN1, which is responsible for the failure in the enlargement of infected cells in L. japonicus, exhibited a lack of expression in the two CSSLs compared to Fleur11. FEN1 encodes a homocitrate synthase that is essential for the nitrogenase activity. We hypothesize that changes in the expression of FEN1 could affect the nitrogenase activity, potentially leading to the unfair SNF observed in these lines.

CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we analyzed the expression profiles of two ineffective nitrogen-fixing chromosome segment substitution lines and identified FEN1 as a suitable candidate gene involved in peanut symbiosis. This research provides valuable insights into understanding and improving SNF in peanut.

PMID:40461988 | PMC:PMC12131544 | DOI:10.1186/s12864-025-11739-y

Immunohorizons. 2025 May 30;9(7):vlaf018. doi: 10.1093/immhor/vlaf018.

ABSTRACT

IgE cross-reactivity among peanut allergens is controversial, and allergenicity of peanut allergens other than Arachis hypogaea 2 [Ara h 2] remains to be elucidated. We investigated the origins of peanut IgE cross-reactivity using Western blotting, and allergenicity of peanut allergens employing a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis model. Peanut allergic IgE bound to a large swath of peanut proteins including Ara h 2, Ara h 1, Ara h 3, and Ara h 6. IgE cross-reactivity among peanut allergens could be inhibited by recombinant Ara h 2. Affinity-purified Ara h 2 IgE reconstituted broad IgE binding patterns to Ara h 1, Ara h 3, and Ara h 6 in addition to Ara h 2. Monoclonal human IgE and mouse IgG against peanut allergen component variably bound to other peanut allergen components. Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 could trigger Ara h 2 IgE-mediated peanut allergic reactivity, whereas Ara h 1 and Ara h 3 failed to do so. Ara h 1 IgE was incapable of mediating Ara h 1-triggered allergic reaction. These results revealed that Ara h 2 IgE was the origin of IgE cross-reactivity, and Ara h 2 IgE-mediated peanut allergic reactivity triggered by Ara h 2 and Ara h 6. Ara h 1 and Ara h 3 did not display detectable allergenicity. These results indicated that Ara h 2 IgE appeared to be the "master" responsible for IgE cross-reactivity among peanut allergens and might be the only IgE responsible for allergic reactivity in peanut allergy.

PMID:40447301 | PMC:PMC12124916 | DOI:10.1093/immhor/vlaf018